Salmon carcasses as a marine-derived resource for benthic macroinvertebrates in a developing postglacial stream, Alaska
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Streams formed in Glacier Bay, southeast Alaska, following glacial recession rapidly support populations of spawning salmon. Using both observational and experimental approaches, we examined the importance of pink salmon ( Oncorhynchus gorbuscha ) carcasses for benthic macroinvertebrate communities, approximately 10 years after salmon first colonized Wolf Point Creek, a first-order, lake-fed stream. Macroinvertebrate abundance on carcasses naturally accumulating in the stream channel was low, dominated by chironomids ( Eukiefferiella spp.). Macroinvertebrate drift was significantly lower from artificial experimental channels containing salmon flesh (P < 0.001) compared with channels without. However, the density and community structure of macroinvertebrates colonizing rock baskets in channels was not significantly different between treatments. In a separate experiment, colonization of substrate trays with salmon and control (inert) fillets were associated with differences in community structure; simuliids dominated control fillets, and chironomids dominated fish fillets, while underlying stone substrate was colonized by a more diverse community including Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera taxa (EPT). Excluding simuliids, abundance was significantly higher on fish compared with control fillets (P < 0.001). These data suggest that scales and mucus prevent the direct consumption of flesh from whole carcasses, highlighting the role predators–scavengers in facilitating flesh consumption by benthic macroinvertebrates.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".