Structure of the Room-Temperature Ionic Liquid 1-Hexyl-3-methylimidazolium Hydrogen Sulfate: Conformational Isomerism
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The acidic room-temperature ionic liquid 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate has recently been identified to have beneficial properties for practical applications in catalysis and electrochemistry. In the present work, the conformational isomerism of this ionic liquid is studied by means of density functional theory calculations and experiments in terms of infrared absorption and Raman scattering spectroscopy. For the hydrogen sulfate anion, the trans conformer is found to be the favored isomer in the ionic liquid. For the 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium cation, three different low-energy conformations were obtained, differing only in the orientation of the hexyl chain. The comparison of vibrational frequencies with IR and Raman data showed good agreement for all three conformations, indicating their presence in the ionic liquid. Beyond revealing the conformational information, the experimental spectra indicate strong interionic interactions. Vibrations of sulfuric acid could be observed, indicating possible proton transfer from the cation to the anion. This is further supported by the appearance of modes around 2000 cm(-1) in the IR spectrum, which could tentatively be assigned to C2-H stretching vibrations red-shifted as a result of strong interionic hydrogen bonds as a prerequisite of proton transfer.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".