Bisphosphonate-induced necrosis of the jaws: a reconstructive nightmare
Bibliographic record
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Bisphosphonates are used for the management of metastatic bone disease, prevention and treatment of osteoporosis and Paget's disease of bone. An increasing number of reports have associated the use of bisphosphonates with the occurrence of osteoradionecrosis of the jaw. The purpose of this review is to summarize the recent literature in this area, specifically focusing on its management. RECENT FINDINGS: Osteoradionecrosis of the jaw mostly results from the use of intravenous bisphosphonates for metastatic bone disease and multiple myeloma; cases from oral treatment for osteoporosis and Paget's disease have also been reported. It mostly affects the posterior maxilla, followed by the posterior mandible. In more than half of the affected patients, there has been preceding dental trauma or procedure. Many treatment modalities have been attempted in order to limit disease progression. Conservative management with antibiotic therapy and mouthwashes seems to be most beneficial. Surgery should be reserved for refractory and symptomatic cases. SUMMARY: It is important for the reconstructive head and neck surgeon to recognize the clinical presentation of bisphosphonate-induced osteoradionecrosis of the jaw and the role of conservative management in consistently achieving good results.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.005 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".