Tribological contact stability of hard and soft cleaning projectiles
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Tribological properties of projectiles, i.e. contact stability with the tube through which they pass, are of prime importance for the selection of soft or hard projectiles for on‐line cleaning of tubular exchangers. To do so, this study proposes two methods of firstly measuring pressure in the back of projectiles under the force of flow and secondly the shear by mechanical force using a tensometer. The experimental results show that hard projectiles exert a much higher mechanical shear on the surface, nevertheless much lower hydrodynamic shear under the propulsion of flow. This is mainly due to reduced and unstable contact area between the projectile and tube surface. Accordingly a new term “contact stability or Z factor” is proposed which has a strong relation to the stiffness of projectiles. The Z factor is low for hard projectiles and vice versa. A set of fouling runs, under similar operating conditions, is also conducted for hard and soft projectiles as well as when no projectile is shot. While a hard projectile can exert a shear of 12‐fold larger than a soft projectile, its cleanability is not appreciably better. The reason was attributed to poor contact stability with the tube surface.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".