Three-dimensional imaging of sand transport processes over wave ripples
Bibliographic record
Abstract
While the interactions between bedforms, suspended sediment transport and the forcing hydrodynamics are inherently three dimensional, most observations have been either point samples as a function of time, or 1-D vertical imaging systems. Recently, acoustic imaging systems have been designed to make 2-D maps of either bedform plan view topography (rotary fan beam sonars) or suspended sand concentration and bedform profiles (rotary pencil beam sonars). In the winter of 1999–2000, Woods Hole and Dalhousie investigators combined several of these 1- and 2-D systems to produce a data set on the 3-D structure of the suspended sand concentration field and its relation to the seafloor topography and forcing hydrodynamics. The data revealed that although the wave orbital scale ripples can be quite 2-D at times (i.e., long crested), the suspended sediment has considerable structure in the along-crest direction. The bedforms were observed to migrate in the onshore direction, and clouds of suspended sand were observed to be re-suspended in the lee of a ripple crest and then were advected back and forth over the crest.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".