The Biology of Canadian Weeds. 143. <i>Apocynum cannabinum</i> L.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Hemp dogbane, Apocynum cannabinum (Apocynaceae), is a perennial herb with white to greenish flowers in terminal clusters that produces pencil-like pods 12-20 cm long. A highly variable plant, A. cannabinum may be distinguished from spreading dogbane (Apocynum androsaemifolium) by its shorter corolla (2-6 mm compared with 5-10 mm), erect greenish-white petals (compared with recurved or spreading pinkish petals), seeds more than 3 mm long (compared with seeds less than 3 mm), and more erect leaves (compared with spreading or drooping leaves), although frequent hybridization between the two species obscures the identity of some individuals. Hemp dogbane is native to the United States and southern Canada, but most abundant in the upper Mississippi River Valley and east to the Atlantic coast. It has been increasing in other areas, and becoming more of a problem where conservation tillage is adopted. It infests crops such as corn (Zea mays), soybeans (Glycine max), wheat (Triticum aestivum), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and forages, and may cause livestock poisoning due to cardiac glycosides within its milky sap (but livestock generally avoid it). Potential medicinal uses of these compounds have been investigated, and the roots are a source of fibre. Control of A. cannabinum with various herbicides is difficult due to a thick cuticle, and one solution may be to target susceptible stages, such as seedlings or early spring growth. Cultivation may also control A. cannabinum, but care must be taken not to promote the proliferation of the plant through regrowth from fragmented roots and rhizomes. Rotation with alfalfa also reduces populations of A. cannabinum.Key words: Hemp dogbane, APCCA, Apocynum cannabinum, Apocynaceae, weed biology
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".