Improvements in the Mercury Displacement Method for Measuring Diffusible Hydrogen Contents in Steels
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The mercury displacement method, also known as the eudiometer method, is one of the most widely used, reliable, and low cost techniques of determining hydrogen quantities in steels. This is one of the few direct and simple techniques for measuring diffusible (mobile) hydrogen quantities. It was originally developed for measuring hydrogen pickup in steels as a result of the welding process, ANSI/AWS A 4.3 standard. However, it is often applied in a more general sense to the measurement of mobile hydrogen in steels as picked up from a wide variety of sources. The main limitation in using this technique is one of safety concerns in handling mercury and controlling the mercury fumes that are given off. This paper describes and suggests a number of modifications and improvements that have been developed from experience over the past couple of years. The modifications increase the accuracy and significantly enhanced the level of safety. The system can be run at moderately high temperatures up to 180°C with minimal mercury vapor loss.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".