Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection in Twin Pairs Infected at Birth
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Host genetic factors may influence the course of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. In Blantyre, Malawi, polymerase chain reaction was used to identify twin pairs who were concordantly HIV-1-infected in utero or perinatally and then to examine strain divergence or virus levels in identical and fraternal twin pairs. Among 315 twin pairs, both infants in 14 fraternal and 5 identical pairs were found to be infected at the same visit. Among 10 pairs, HIV-1 sequences were determined for both infants at >or=1 time point. HIV levels had a common profile in both fraternal and identical twin pairs. Identical twins were not always infected by the same quasi species, indicating that their mothers had multiple quasi species capable of infecting their infants. Subsequent viral divergence appears to depend on quasi-species stability rather than on genetically controlled host immune responses. Thus, given infection, factors intrinsic to HIV-1 are more important than host genetics in viral evolution.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".