Globalisation and management of the National Basketball Association since the 1980s
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Drawing upon world-system theory this study focuses on international player migration as it is related to the global strategies of the NBA since the 1980s. The findings indicate that the number of foreign-born players in the NBA increased from 57 in the 2000–2001 season to 109 in 2007–2008. This study conceptualises the NBA with respect to the world-system theory such that North America is the centre, Europe is semi-periphery, Central/South America and Africa are periphery, and Asia and Oceania are considered part of the external world. Improvement in the management of NBA teams included increases of: 1 ticket receipts based on new construction and rebuilding of every arena 2 broadcasting rights fees 3 sponsorships based on sports marketing. The NBA actively expanded the number of teams in the USA and Canada since the late 1980s and expanded the overseas market by planning the MacDonald’s championships and the NBA Japan/China Games.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".