An improved inoculation technique for sheath blight of rice caused by<i>Rhizoctonia solani</i>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
To develop a simple and reliable inoculation technique allowing to differentiate minor differences in susceptibility of rice cultivars to sheath blight caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kühn, the effects of different pathogen and host factors on disease development were investigated under greenhouse conditions. The most critical factor affecting uniform development of sheath blight was the amount of inoculum. Approximately 0.2 mg of inoculum placed inside the leaf sheath with a few drops of sterile water invariably induced single discrete, uniform-sized lesions, irrespective of the type of inoculum used (i.e., mature sclerotium, immature sclerotium, or mycelium). Considering the ease of maintaining uniformity of inoculum, the use of immature sclerotia is recommended. This inoculation method is not only simple, rapid, and highly reproducible, but it also allows to distinguish minor differences in susceptibility under greenhouse conditions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".