Filling in the Gap: Capturing the Full Scaling Relationships of Hydraulic Fracturing
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Summary Seismicity associated with hydraulic fracturing can range in magnitude up to and beyond +M3, large enough in many cases to be felt on surface. These higher magnitude events are in contrast to the smaller magnitude events that are normally used to characterize the efficacy of fracture treatments, as they can represent the activation of structures on the scale lengths of hundreds of meters, whereas the microseismicity (below M0) in the reservoir is associated with the activation of structures up to the scale of 10s of m. To accurately characterize events activating structures of intermediary lengths, i.e. between 10 m and 100 m, deploying instruments at or near the reservoir level, and low-frequency instruments at shallower depths and on the surface will help determine accurate source parameters for events not only one the surface, but also for events not necessarily strong enough to propagate clearly to the surface but high enough magnitude to saturate typical 15 Hz downhole geophones.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".