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Record W2063949577 · doi:10.1177/0897190006292949

The Internet and the Globalization of Counterfeit Drugs

2006· article· en· W2063949577 on OpenAlex
Donald E. deKieffer

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

fundA Canadian funder is recorded on the work.
aboutThe title or abstract carries a Canadian signal from the geographic lexicon.
no affNo Canadian affiliation: this work is invisible to an affiliation-only frame.
No Canadian affiliation. An affiliation-only frame, the usual design, would never have seen this work. It is one of the works that make the case for inverting the frame.

Bibliographic record

VenueJournal of Pharmacy Practice · 2006
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldMedicine
TopicPharmaceutical Quality and Counterfeiting
Canadian institutionsnot available
FundersHealth Canada
KeywordsCounterfeitPharmacyThe InternetPopularityInternet privacyMedicineCounterfeit DrugsAdvertisingBusinessFamily medicinePolitical scienceWorld Wide Web

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

Most Internet users receive unsolicited invitations to enhance their health through the purchase of online medications. Often these medications are illegal and may even be counterfeit. However, there are a few legitimate online pharmacies. The National Association of Boards of Pharmacy has established the Verified Internet Pharmacy Practice Sites program, which certifies the legitimacy of some Internet merchants. Also, there are hundreds of Canadian pharmacies online because of the rise in popularity of Canadian drugs. The actual number of online Canadian pharmacies is difficult to estimate, and many of the so-called Canadian pharmacies are not from Canada. Besides the few legitimate sites in the United States and Canada, most online pharmacies deal with unapproved, illegal, and counterfeit medication. It is hard to know the number of online pharmacies because of the complex structure of the Internet. Their rapid growth can mainly be attributed to huge profits, but online pharmacies are also used for money laundering and may be used for terrorism. Although the United States has been limited in its actions, it still has taken numerous measures. However, internationally, online pharmacies do not appear to be as much of a problem, so almost any action taken has been led by the United States.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.003
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.001
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Not applicable · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.798
Threshold uncertainty score0.157

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0030.001
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.030
GPT teacher head0.394
Teacher spread0.364 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it