The Isolationist Sentiment in North Dakota during the Truman-Eisenhower Years
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In the rare studies dealing with American post–World War II isolationism, the state of North Dakota, bordering on the Canadian provinces of Manitoba and Saskatchewan, always holds a special place, as it has acquired the reputation of having been ”the nation’s most isolationist state during the postwar decade” (Carpenter 22; see also Lubell 146). To a large extent, this reputation can be ascribed to the attitude of some of its prominent Republican members on Capitol Hill. Hence, Senator William Langer, who sat between 1941 and 1959, voted against the United Nations Charter and denigrated the Marshall Plan, while his colleague Milton Young, in the upper house from 1945 to 1981, was one of only thirteen senators who opposed the North Atlantic Treaty in 1949 (Schoenebaum 298, 623). The situation was no different in the House of Representatives: William Lemke, who sat between 1933 and 1950 and was portrayed as an “old isolationist” (Lillehaugen 19), described the internationalists in 1947 as “the betrayers of our Nation” (United States Cong. Rec. 24 July 1947, A4089) and Usher Burdick, in the lower house between 1949 and 1959, resisted programs which risked subjecting US domestic concerns to foreign influence (Carpenter 23). Burdick, incidentally depicted during these years as “the only [f]ederal legislator who [spoke] fluent Sioux” (United States Cong. Rec. 20 May 1953, A2795), particularly attracted attention for his vehement criticism of the United Nations Organization and his advocacy of an American withdrawal from this international body.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.023 | 0.008 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".