High resolution electron microscopy of ordered polymers and organic molecular crystals: Recent developments and future possibilities
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract High Resolution Electron Microscopy (HREM) has made it possible to directly image the detailed organization of a variety of polymers and organic molecular crystals. For organic materials it is imperative to use low dose techniques that minimize the structural reorganizations that inevitably occur during electron beam irradiation. This article reviews recent developments in low dose HREM from our own laboratory and elsewhere. The developments in closely related microstructural characterization techniques are also reviewed. In the future, the ability to correct the spherical aberration of the objective lens, the use of low voltages to increase contrast, and the use of time‐resolved techniques are expected to open new avenues for the ultrastructural investigations of organic materials. New sample preparation techniques, such as the ability to make thin samples by focused ion beam (FIBs), to cut samples with an oscillating diamond knife, and to more conveniently prepare cryogenically solidified specimens, are also expected to be of increasing importance. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 1749–1778, 2005
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".