Deposition of Complement Proteins on Cells Treated by Photodynamic Therapy in Vitro
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Activation of the complement system has emerged as a critical event in the response of tumors to photodynamic therapy (PDT) due to its involvement in the vascular effects as well as in the inflammatory and immune reactions observed with this treatment modality. However, the exact mechanism of PDT-induced complement activation has not been precisely characterized. The present study examines the potential of PDT at the cellular level to directly activate the complement system. Mouse tumor SCCVII cells treated by Photofrin-based PDT and post-incubated in the presence of homologous (mouse) serum were analyzed by flow cytometry for binding of complement proteins on their surface. The results show that PDT induced the fixation of complement C3 protein, probably in the form of its activated fragments, and of the terminal membrane attacks complex of complement on the treated SCCVII cells. Deposition of C3/C3 fragments on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) treated by Photofrin-PDT and post-incubated in the presence of human serum was also detected. Complement fixation was preferentially elevated on SCCVII cell undergoing PDT-induced apoptosis. The induction of surface expression of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) on PDT-treated cells also triggered complement deposition, since the presence of anti-HSP70 antibodies during the post-PDT incubation blocked the anchoring of C3/C3 fragments to SCCVII cells. The fact that PDT-treated cells are recognized by the complement system as their target adds an important element for understanding the mechanism of tumor response to PDT.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".