Bibliographic record
Abstract
It has been noted a long time ago that a term of the form $\ensuremath{\theta}({e}^{2}/2\ensuremath{\pi}h)\mathbf{B}\ensuremath{\cdot}\mathbf{E}$ may be added to the standard Maxwell Lagrangian without modifying the familiar laws of electricity and magnetism. $\ensuremath{\theta}$ is known to particle physicists as the ``axion'' field and whether or not it has a nonzero expectation value in vacuum remains a fundamental open question of the standard model. A key manifestation of the axion term is the Witten effect: a unit magnetic monopole placed inside a medium with $\ensuremath{\theta}\ensuremath{\ne}0$ is predicted to bind a (generally fractional) electric charge $\ensuremath{-}e(\ensuremath{\theta}/2\ensuremath{\pi}+n)$ with $n$ integer. Here we conduct a test of the Witten effect based on the recently established fact that the axion term with $\ensuremath{\theta}=\ensuremath{\pi}$ emerges naturally in the description of the electromagnetic response of a class of crystalline solids called topological insulators---materials distinguished by strong spin-orbit coupling and nontrivial band structures. Using a simple physical model for a topological insulator we demonstrate the existence of a fractional charge bound to a monopole by an explicit numerical calculation. We also propose a scheme for generating an ``artificial'' magnetic monopole in a topological insulator film that may be used to facilitate an experimental test of Witten's prediction.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".