Detecting Embedded Intermediate-Mass Stars Using Mid-Infrared and H [CSC]i[/CSC] 21 Centimeter Emission
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A technique is presented to detect distant, young embedded B stars (and possible clusters) from their imprint on the surrounding interstellar medium. H I 21 cm and 12 CO ( J = 1–0) line data from the Canadian Galactic Plane Survey are combined with mid-infrared images from the Midcourse Space Experiment ( MSX ) Galactic plane survey to detect the photodissociation regions (PDRs) and molecular gas associated with the embedded intermediate-mass stars. The technique has been applied to a section of the Galaxy covered by the 12 CO Five College Radio Astronomy Observatory outer Galaxy survey (102 5 < l < 141 5, -3 0 < b < +5 4) and has led to the detection of 15 embedded intermediate-mass stars. The basic physical properties of the PDRs are presented and compared with PDR models. The PDR models, combined with previous observations of early-type Herbig Ae/Be stars and the nondetection of many of the sources in OH, H 2 O, and CH 3 OH surveys, imply that the objects are ∼10 6 yr old. The IRAS colors of the objects form a well-defined group and have been combined with 12 CO and MSX observations to identify approximately 100 additional IRAS sources within the survey area as possible embedded intermediate-mass stars.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".