Adolescent Gynecomastia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Adolescent gynecomastia is common and often regresses spontaneously, but persistent gynecomastia can result in psychological distress. Many view obesity as a root cause for gynecomastia. However, the role of obesity on persistent gynecomastia and its effect on surgical outcomes remains poorly understood. This retrospective study reviewed demographics and surgical outcomes of adolescents with gynecomastia comparing obese/overweight to normal weighted patients. Our database was screened for male "breast" specimens between 1997-2008. Sixty-nine patients were identified. By BMI criteria, 51% were obese, 16% overweight and 33% normal-weighted. Major complications occurred in 4 patients (5.8%); minor complications in 19 (27.5%). Potential etiologies other than obesity were found in 27%. Obese patients require more extensive operations (P = 0.009). Obese adolescents suffer greater psychological impact preoperatively (P = 0.02) and have no difference in satisfaction (P = 0.47) or complication rates (P = 0.33) than normal-weighted patients. We conclude that obesity should not be used as an absolute contraindication to gynecomastia surgery.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".