Investigation on using two types of sonoreactors for Kraft lignin fractionation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
For a decreasing conventional pulp and paper industry, new products from wood are needed. As lignin is the second most abundant polymer on earth (cellulose is the first), many studies are oriented toward her utilisation. Lignin is rich in many carbon based polymer, phenolic groups, alcohol groups but the highly 3 dimensional structure prohibit easy usage of this material. Ultrasonic modifications were tried by a few researchers but success and horror stories were reported. The objective of this work is to study the potential in ultrasound fractionation on Kraft lignin in two high power flow-through sonoreactor. From our work, we can conclude that lignin modification is indeed possible with ultrasound but will be dependant of the system. Indeed, successful conditions were found for the small sonoreactor while the same condition tried in the semi-pilot sonoreactor was unsuccessful. This duality of results, as found in the literature, is indicating that ultrasonic modification of lignin is not evident but that the process, under specific conditions, could be successful.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".