Increased Sweat Sulfate Concentrations in Chronic Renal Failure
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Inorganic sulfate concentrations are markedly elevated in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF). During hemodialysis, sulfate is removed and circulating levels drop significantly, while chloride concentrations remain relatively constant. We measured sulfate and chloride in sweat from CRF patients collected by pilocarpine iontophoresis. Sweat sulfate concentrations in uremic patients were significantly increased (404 +/- 43 vs. 105 +/- 6 microM in 22 controls). The correlation between plasma and sweat SO4 concentrations in CRF patients was significant (r = 0.77, P less than 0.01). However, the fractional excretion of sulfate in sweat (the sweat/serum ratio) was close to that of chloride (0.26 +/- 0.01 vs. 0.19 +/- 0.02) and was essentially the same before and after dialysis (0.20 +/- 0.01 vs 0.23 +/- 0.01) despite the significant absolute change in the extracellular SO4 concentration (from 2,018 +/- 153 to 709 +/- 21 microM) and no change in chloride concentrations. In patients with CRF, we conclude that the handling of inorganic sulfate by the sweat gland is not significantly different from that for chloride. Hemodialysis reduces absolute sulfate excretion markedly and thus may reduce the likelihood of forming calcium sulfate complexes in the sweat secretions. This could be a significant factor in the dialysis-related pruritus that has been ascribed to excess calcium deposition in the skin.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".