East to west retardation in the onset of the recent warming across Canada inferred from inversions of temperature logs
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Canadian well temperature logs for 141 sites are analyzed and show evidence of extensive ground surface temperature (GST) warming beginning in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries following a lengthy period of cooling (the Little Ice Age) over most of the past millennium. The method of functional space inversion (FSI) is applied to the complete set of 141 well precise temperature logs from wells located in low‐conductivity clastic sediments of the western Canadian Sedimentary basin and higher thermal conductivity crystalline rocks of the Canadian Shield in central and eastern Canada. Marked regional differences in the onset of recent warming are evident (nineteenth century compared to the seventeenth to eighteenth centuries, respectively), following a prolonged cold period through earlier centuries. Analysis of spatial patterns of GST history changes across Canada based on the individual inversions of temperature logs shows a systematic east‐to‐west retardation in the onset of the recent warming yet a higher overall warming magnitude in western Canada in the twentieth century.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".