A Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) approach for enhancing fluorescence contrast in phase-separated membranes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The partitioning of the dye-labeled lipid probe, NBD-DHPE (1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-(7-nitro-2-1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl) (ammonium salt)), was examined by fluorescence microscopy in phase-separated lipid bilayers with mixtures of coexisting liquid-ordered and fluid phases. This probe shows slightly higher fluorescence intensity in the ordered domains but undergoes a contrast reversal to give a more strongly fluorescent fluid phase in the presence of >0.2% Texas red-DHPE (TR-DHPE). The change in contrast is shown to result from Förster resonance energy transfer between the NBD donor and TR acceptor in the fluid phase, which has a TR concentration that is approximately 3 times higher than in the domains. An alternate approach using a nitroxide-substituted lipid that partitions into the fluid phase as a quencher, was also examined as a means to enhance the contrast; however, the quencher modified the behaviour of the bilayer. The energy transfer method for enhancing the contrast between ordered and fluid phases was used to examine the morphology of enzyme-treated bilayers.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".