A TiO<sub>2</sub>nanostructure transformation: from ordered nanotubes to nanoparticles
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Transformation of TiO2 nanotubes (NTs) to truncated tetragonal bipyramidal shape nanoparticles (NPs) was observed upon thermally annealing titanium dioxide (TiO2) ordered nanotube arrays in fluorine ambient, resulting from the reaction of fluorine ions (F(-)) from the electrolyte residues in long nanotubes grown by anodization in ethylene glycol+NH4F electrolyte. The size of the TiO2 nanoparticles formed depends on the fluorine concentration and can be controlled from 20 to 500 nm. The crystal and optical properties of the nanoparticle layers are superior compared with those of nanotube arrays which are also annealed but without undergoing a morphology transformation, as was shown by means of x-ray diffraction and photoluminescence spectroscopy measurements. The NT-NP transformation mechanism was studied by analyzing the initial stages of the NT-NP transformation. This was achieved by terminating the annealing process in F ambient after 1-5 min. It was found that amorphous NTs first contract, then break down, and finally merge and crystallize to form NPs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".