A DRAO and VLA Investigation of the Environment of WR 130
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The environment of the Wolf-Rayet (WR) star WR 130 has been studied using the 21 cm H I line and radio continuum data at 408 and 1420 MHz obtained with the Dominion Radio Astrophysical Observatory (DRAO) Synthesis Telescope. In addition, the H110α recombination line and 21 cm H I line were observed using the Very Large Array in the DnC and D configurations. The Sharpless H II region, Sh 98 (size ∼15'), and two OB stars are observed near the Wolf-Rayet star position. An extended ring-shaped structure (G68.1+1.1) of size ∼20' is observed in the radio continuum and infrared data. Of four compact radio sources seen superposed on the ring, one is an H II region of size ∼3' (G68.14+0.92), while the others are probably extragalactic. The spectral index ( S ν ∝ ν α ) of G68.1+1.1 is α = 0.0 ± 0.1. The thermal nature of G68.1+1.1 is confirmed by an analysis of the correlation between the brightness temperature at 21 cm and the brightness at 60 μm, as observed with IRAS . The DRAO H I data show an H I bubble in the velocity range -12 to 1 km s -1 . The most striking characteristic of the H I cavity is the excellent correlation with the radio continuum ring. The WR star is not at the center of the ring, but in the dense border to the east. This eccentric position can be explained by a combination of a high spatial velocity for the star and projection effects. The possible contribution of the OB stars present in the area is also considered. From our H110α observations, together with other recombination lines observed in the area, we deduce a distance of 12 kpc for the compact H II region G68.14+0.92 and 5 kpc for G68.1+1.1. We conclude that G68.1+1.1 is the radio counterpart of the optical H II region Sh 98, while G68.14+0.92 is a chance superposition of a much more distant source. The ionized mass of the ring is estimated at ∼3000 M ⊙ and the rms electron density at ∼3 cm -3 , assuming a homogeneous distribution. A missing H I mass of 500 M ⊙ is obtained for the cavity and an excess H I mass of 1500 M ⊙ for the shell.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".