BIFROST project: 3-D crustal deformation rates derived from GPS confirm postglacial rebound in Fennoscandia
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Since autumn 1993 the BIFROST project has provided daily GPS solutions of geodetic positions from a network of more than 40 stations covering a large area of the Baltic shield. This area is expected to show large vertical motion due to glacial isostatic rebound following the deglaciation at the end of the Pleistocene. This paper will discuss the inference of three-dimensional rates of crustal motion at the GPS stations with respect to (1) a plate-fixed average for the horizontal components; (2) a geocentric reference in order to infer absolute changes of sea level from vertical crustal motion and models of geoidal rebound. We show that the horizontal strain rate pattern is largely dominated by unilateral extension and not exhibiting horizontal shear to an important extent. In regard to the vertical motion a crucial issue is the stability of the geocentre in the GPS frame. We show results from an Empirical Orthogonal Function analysis that attenuates regionally correlated noise. In all components our observations suggest reasonably close agreement with forward computions on the basis of postglacial isostatic adjustment. A dominant tectonic signal would lead to a certain fraction of the batch of baselines to exhibit shortening. A tectonic process leading to a similar pattern of horizontal motion as expected from postglacial rebound can safely be dismissed in the context of the currently accepted plate tectonic setting. Thus, our baseline rate comparison will be a critical first order test of the prevailing style of deformation.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it