Heat flow from wet to dry snowpack layers and associated faceting
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Layers of faceted crystals adjacent to crusts form the failure layers for some unexpected dry-slab avalanches. This paper focuses on the case of facets that form when dry snow overlies wet snow. From a basic equation for heat flow in solids, the approximate freezing time of the wet layer is derived. Seven experiments are described in which a wet layer was placed between two dry-snowlayers in a cold laboratory. Measured freezing times are comparable to the freezing times from the approximate solution assuming that latent heat from the irreducible water content flowed up. In four of the experiments, evidence of faceting was observed at the base of the upper dry snow layer within 5 hours and before the wet layer froze. In all seven experiments faceting was observed in the upper dry layer after the wet layer froze. Simulations performed with the snow-cover model SNOWPACK yield freezing times that agree reasonably with the approximate solution and allow the influence of various parameters on the results to be explored. In addition, simulated temperatures and grain evolution are compared with observations, showing good agreement.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".