Renal regulation of plasma glucose in the freshwater rainbow trout
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study examined the effects of prolonged hyperglycemia on renal handling of glucose and explored the in vivo pharmacological effects of phlorizin on glucose transport in the rainbow trout. The transport of glucose was examined by experimentally elevating the rate of renal glucose reabsorption via infusion of the fish with exogenous glucose at a rate of 70 micromol kg(-1) h(-1) and by inactivating the glucose transporters via the simultaneous administration of phlorizin (1 micromol kg(-1) h(-1)). Glucose was reabsorbed against a concentration gradient, until plasma glucose levels reached approximately 22 micromol l(-1) and the transport maximum of glucose in the kidney (approximately 145 micromol kg(-1) h(-1)) was exceeded. At this point, glucose was lost to the urine, resulting in glucosuria. Glucosuria affected water reabsorption, approximately doubling the water clearance ratio, and resulted in osmotic diuresis. This in turn reduced Na+ reabsorption, increasing the amount lost to the urine from 0.5% to 2% of the filtered load. Glucose reabsorption was found to be correlated with Na+ reabsorption, though the latter was almost 10-fold higher than glucose transport rates. Phlorizin treatment reduced glucose reabsorption, although it did not block it entirely until 48-72 h of infusion. The glucosuria resulting from the blockade of the glucose transporters resulted in a similar osmotic diuresis and a greater Na+ loss to the urine (9% of filtered load). The results are discussed with respect to the net renal ;wasting' of glucose and the detrimental osmoregulatory and ionoregulatory effects associated with glucosuria caused by carbohydrate-rich diets.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".