Induration of the Cricoid Cartilage Complicates Prosthetic Laryngoplasty in a Horse
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To report intraoperative complications during needle penetration and suture placement through the cricoid cartilage during a prosthetic laryngoplasty procedure. STUDY DESIGN: Case report. METHODS: An 11-year-old American Paint gelding with grade IV left laryngeal hemiplegia underwent a terminal prosthetic laryngoplasty for teaching purposes. Passage of the needle through the cricoid cartilage was difficult and resulted in needle breakage before eventual success using a new needle. The larynx was examined postmortem. RESULTS: Palpation of the larynx revealed hardening of the cricoid cartilage. Radiographic examination indicated the presence of diffuse radiopaque speckling. Histologic examination did not find accumulations of calcium salts, rather it revealed a loss of proteoglycans within the cricoid cartilage. CONCLUSIONS: Laryngeal mineralization occurs in the horse and human with advancing age. The loss of proteoglycan and subsequent stiffening of the cricoid cartilage likely resulted in the intraoperative complications noted in this report. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Radiographic examination of the larynx before performing a prosthetic laryngoplasty may reveal the presence of areas of increased radiodensity. The interpretation of this is to be made with caution as it may represent mineralization, or hardening due to the changes in proteoglycan concentration, monomer size or charge.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".