Les Églises et la prise en charge de l’enfance au Québec : le cas des institutions d’enfermement pour les jeunes délinquants ou en danger (1858-1950)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Cet article décrit la situation des Églises catholique et protestante lors de l’adoption de la première politique de l’enfance de l’État québécois en 1869 et montre comment cette situation évolue jusqu’en 1950, alors que les écoles de protection de la jeunesse remplacent les écoles de réforme et les écoles d’industrie. Nous voyons que les protestants doivent se contenter, faute de ressources, d’une école de réforme pour garçons délinquants moins bien équipée que celle des catholiques jusqu’à l’adoption de la loi fédérale de 1908 qui permet aux provinces le désirant d’établir un tribunal pour mineurs. Lasituation s’inverse durant la période qui s’étend de 1908 à 1950, alors que la philanthropie protestante investit dans un coûteux système de cottages se prêtant mieux que les grandes institutions adoptées par le réseau catholique à l’idée que les protestants se font de l’internement.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.012 | 0.006 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".