Low-energy electron-energy-loss spectroscopy of electronic transitions in solid carbon dioxide
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We report electron-energy-loss spectra of solid films of CO2 for electronic transitions induced by 15, 19.4, and 25 eV incident electrons. All spectra were obtained under sufficiently small electron exposures so as to avoid sample damages. The use of a low-energy electron along with the backscattering geometry give access to spin- and symmetry-forbidden transitions while the effect of the condensed phase makes it possible to modify the energy, ordering, and magnitude of most gas-phase transitions. The most noticeable observation is the disappearance of all sharp energy-loss peaks attributed to a Rydberg series of CO2 in the gas phase. In contrast, transitions to the molecular valence Δu3,1 and Σu−3,1 states are located virtually at the same energy as in the gas phase. The strong dipole-allowed valence Σu+1 transition is found shifted to lower energy by about 0.3 eV while transitions to mixed Rydberg-valence Πg3,1 and Πu1 states are both shifted to higher energy by about 0.4–0.5 eV. The lowest valence Σu+3 transition is ascribed to the lowest energy-loss feature in the solid at 7.9 eV.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".