Bibliographic record
Abstract
Gerhard Herzberg, Nobel Laureate in Chemistry, had broad interests and achieved supreme accomplishments in physics, chemistry and astrophysics. The high points in his research were many. In physics they were the work on atomic hydrogen and helium, and evaluations of energy levels and constants of molecular hydrogen and its isotopes. His determinations of many molecular structures and discoveries of spectra of the free radicals CH 2 and CH 3 , and of the Rydberg molecule H3, were each outstanding contributions in chemistry. In astrophysics, his reproduction in the laboratory of the spectrum of CH + , proving its presence in the interstellar medium, and of spectra of C 3 and H 2 O + and their presence in comets, his observation of the quadrupole spectrum of H 2 and his discovery of hydrogen in the atmospheres of the planets opened up new applications of spectroscopy for our knowledge of the universe. His classic volumes on molecular spectra and molecular structures remain as encyclopaedias of molecular knowledge for all time. And his famous laboratory, the ‘Temple of spectroscopy’, served as a home for hundreds of scientists around the world, and helped to bring Canadian science to international prominence.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.485 | 0.458 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".