Use of crystal polymorphs for resolving an equilibrium liquid’s state on supercooling to 0 K
Bibliographic record
Abstract
There are two ways by which an equilibrium liquid’s heat capacity, Cp,liq, is seen to decrease to zero on cooling to 0 K: (i) decrease abruptly first to the Cp of its ordered crystal at T>0 K, and thereafter the crystal’s Cp decrease to zero at 0 K, and (ii) decrease continuously to zero at 0 K. The prohibitively long time needed for Cp measurements at sufficiently low temperatures has prevented one from determining the relative merits of these two inferences. Here, we propose a method for doing so by a comparative analysis of the Cp data of an equilibrium liquid and of its two crystalline forms, one of which is orientationally disordered. The method is then used to test these merits with the available Cp and entropy data of ethanol. The results support the inference of a continuous decrease in Cp to zero at 0 K, but not that of an abrupt decrease.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".