A very large Paul trap ion gun for delivering bunched low energy ion beams
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ions extracted from mass separators normally have energies in the range of tens of kilovolts and poor emittances, and are thereby not suited for soft landing, especially in ion deposition applications. In this article a system is described that has been developed for in-flight capture of continuous 60 keV ion beams and delivering them as low energy beam pulses of less than 1 μs duration and energies of less than 5 keV. They are also cooled so that their emittances and energy spreads are considerably reduced from those of the original beam. The basis of the system is a very large Paul trap as a collection system, together with a pulse-down cavity for modifying the energy of the delivered beam. The performance of the system has been analyzed using time-of-flight of the extracted ions. Experimental results are presented, together with numerical simulations of the results that lead to an understanding of the spatial and momentum properties of the ion collection in the trap. The results show how such collection systems can be designed for specific purposes, such as high-current implantation or precise implantation of smaller collections. Such a system can also be used where the ultimate destination is storage in an electromagnetic trap at ground potential.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".