Shifting the Public-Private Mix: A Policy Analysis of Physical Therapy Funding in Ontario
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Purpose: Physical therapy (PT) services across Canada are funded through a mix of public and private sources; this mix varies widely and appears to be shifting over time. The purpose of this research was to develop a conceptual framework for documenting and analyzing the public-private mix of funding in Ontario. Methods: Policy case study methodology was used and included triangulation of primary (key informant interviews) and secondary data sources (review of the literature and available documents). Results: We identified three broad categories or tiers for PT funding in Ontario: (1) public, (2) quasipublic, and (3) private. Within these tiers, there are multiple funding streams ranging from global budgets in hospitals to private out-of-pocket payments. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that multiple funding streams, along with significant variation in how clients access PT services and what services physical therapists can provide within each stream, result in a highly fractured and complex public/private funding system, which may have implications for cost, quality, and access.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.020 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.008 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.009 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".