Long-term changes in the frost-free season on the Canadian prairies
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The climate of the prairies has warmed over the past century, especially during late winter and early spring. Some regions of the prairies have warmed faster than others. Climate change has been documented to affect living systems in North America, such as promoting earlier phenological development and longer growing seasons. We examined weather records gathered at several long-term weather-recording sites across the agricultural regions of the Canadian prairies for evidence of trends in last spring frosts, first fall frosts, and frost-free durations. During the latter half of the 20th century, the trends were towards earlier last spring frost dates and towards longer frost-free seasons in the agricultural regions of the Canadian prairies. Across most of the prairies the trends towards later first fall frost dates were smaller and generally not significant. The largest changes have occurred in the central and northern agricultural regions of Alberta, whereas the least change occurred over much of southern Alberta and in southern Manitoba. Key words: Last spring and first fall frost dates, frost-free season, agroclimatic indices, climate change, Canadian prairies
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".