Hydraulic conductivity of bentonite-sand mixtures
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The use of bentonite alone or amended with natural soils for construction of liners for water-retention and waste-containment facilities is very common. The importance of bentonite content in reducing the hydraulic conductivity of liners is well recognised. The study illustrates the role of the size of the coarser fraction in controlling the hydraulic conductivity of the clay liner. It has been shown that at low bentonite contents the hydraulic conductivity of the liner varies depending on the size of the coarser fraction apart from clay content. At a given clay content, the hydraulic conductivity increases with an increase in the size of the coarser fraction. But when the clay content is more than that which can be accommodated within the voids of the coarser fractions, the hydraulic conductivity is controlled primarily by clay content alone. Four different methods of predicting hydraulic conductivity of the liners are presented. Using two constants, related to the liquid limit, the hydraulic conductivity can be predicted at any void ratio.Key words: clays, hydraulic conductivity, liquid limit, liners, void ratio.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it