Switchable surfactants at the polystyrene–water interface: effect of molecular structure
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Polystyrene (PS) latexes prepared with either C12N (N’-dodecyl-N,N-dimethylacetamidinium bicarbonate) or C12E2N (N’-(2-(2-(dodecyloxy)ethoxy)ethyl)-N,N-dimethylacetamidinium bicarbonate) switchable surfactants are stable when CO2 is present, aggregate when CO2 is removed and can be redispersed by readdition of CO2. The surface coverage of the latex with surfactant drops significantly when CO2 is removed. For PS latexes with C12N, the surface coverage does not return to the original value when CO2 is reintroduced, but the coverage of the latex with C12E2N does return to the initial value. The redispersion process of the PS latex with C12E2N occurs much more rapidly when sparging with CO2. Both C12N and C12E2N behave as surfactants in the presence of CO2, but in the absence of CO2, only C12E2N continues to have some surface activity. Due to their different molecular structures, their solid surface adsorption behaviors differ. With or without CO2, C12E2N exhibits monolayer adsorption on the surface of the latex particle.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".