Reexamination of the Elastic Properties of Emphysematous Lungs
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
We calculated specific lung elastance (E<sub>S, L</sub>) as the change of lung elastic recoil pressure (P<sub>el L</sub>) required to produce a given fractional change in lung volume (ΔV<sub>L</sub>/V<sub>L, 0</sub>) as a function of transpulmonary pressure (P<sub>L</sub>) from published data in normal lungs, and in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or α<sub>1</sub>-antitrypsin deficiency (α<sub>1</sub>-AD). E<sub>sL</sub>, in normal lungs, is the bulk modulus, and was systematically greater than P<sub>L</sub>. dE<sub>s, L</sub>/dP<sub>L</sub> increased with V<sub>L</sub>. P<sub>L</sub> at E<sub>S, L</sub> = 30 cm H<sub>2</sub>O decreased with age in normal lungs, but E<sub>s, L</sub> at P<sub>L</sub> = 8 cm H<sub>2</sub>O showed no age relationship. In both COPD and α<sub>1</sub>-AD E<sub>S, L</sub> and dE<sub>s, L</sub>/dP<sub>L</sub> were increased compared to normal lungs. We conclude that E<sub>S, L</sub> is a curvilinear function of P<sub>L•</sub>in normal lungs, COPD and α<sub>1</sub>AD, and is systematically greater than P<sub>L•</sub> The increase in E<sub>S, L</sub> and dE<sub>s, L</sub>/dP<sub>L</sub> in COPD and α<sub>1</sub>-AD compared to normals probably represents two distinct abnormalities in the elastic properties of emphysematous lungs: (1) an increase in resting length of alveolar walls accounting for hyperinflation, and (2) a decrease in extensibility of alveolar walls once they become stressed. Using total lung capacity (TLC) as an index of the former and E<sub>S, L</sub> as an index of the latter, we showed no correlation between either and FEV<sub>1•</sub> Thus abnormalities in lung elastic properties in emphysema do not account for chronic expiratory flow limitation in emphysema. Furthermore, the increased values of E<sub>s, L</sub> in emphysema suggest that emphysematous airspaces are poorly ventilated. As they are presumably poorly perfused, emphysema per se may not disturb ventilation perfusion ratios seriously
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it