The Effect of Lactate on Sex Differences in Rat Renal Tubular Energy-Dependent Transport of the Organic Cation Amantadine
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine if the inhibitory effect of lactate on the tubular transport of amantadine would extend to a demonstrable sex difference between male and female rats. Enriched fractions of renal proximal and distal tubules were incubated with [(3)H]-amantadine in the presence and absence of racemic lactate. Lactate buffer unmasked a sex difference in proximal tubular transport capacity. Compared to bicarbonate, lactate also decreased the affinity for amantadine uptake by both proximal and distal tubule fragments in both male and female rats. No difference occurred between male and female rats in terms of the inhibitory constant (K(i)) for lactate. These data suggest that female rats have decreased amantadine transport efficiency and potentially increased susceptibility to amantadine toxicity due to transport inhibition by lactate. Our data may help to explain the mechanism for increased amantadine toxicity observed in elderly female patients.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".