‘Our rear area probably lived too well’: tourism and the German occupation of France, 1940–1944
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Between 1940 and 1944, Germans approached France not only as conquerors, but also as tourists. Tourism provided rest and relaxation, and gave individuals a framework to perceive France and interpret their own presence as occupiers. At the same time, tourism was exploited by policy-makers to reinforce dominance and satisfy soldiers’ curiosity without letting them lose the critical distance necessary for effective control. Even when resistance activity and losses on other fronts made their situation precarious, occupiers’ tourism persisted. Viewed with increasing suspicion by soldiers stationed elsewhere, the regime's acceptance of tourism underlines its inability to limit the development of a so-called ‘Etappengeist’ (rear area attitude, softness) in France. Drawing on soldiers’ letters, diaries and photographs to supplement official documents, this article uses tourism as a window into Germans’ experiences as occupiers. It contributes to debates about the interplay of violence and leisure, about tourism's function during military occupations, in wartime, and under authoritarian regimes.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it