Design of alternative sensors for NDE/SHM applications based on highly nonlinear solitary waves
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this paper, we describe the designs and the relative experiments of novel transducers utilized for the generation and detection of highly nonlinear solitary waves (HNSWs). In recent years these waves have been proposed for the NDE/SHM of structural materials and structural elements such as concrete and aluminum lap-joints bonded by high-strength epoxy. Conventionally these transducers contain a chain of spherical particles and the waves are measured by means of thin piezoelectric material embedded in between two half-particles. The final product is usually identified as a bead sensor. Although bead sensors can measure the propagation of HNSWs effectively, their manufacturing may require high level of precision. In this paper we propose an alternative design and investigate the use of magnetostrictive phenomenon to detect HNSWs. For both transducers’ designs a series of experiments are conducted and the results are compared. As the results in good agreement, this study may pave the road to broader applications of HNSWs for NDE and SHM.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".