Extra‐tropical response to ENSO as expressed in an ice core from the Saint Elias Mountain Range
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The El‐Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the dominant mode of inter‐annual variability of the atmosphere‐ocean system in the tropical Pacific and exerts its influence in the extra‐tropics through persistent large‐scale wave‐like patterns in the atmosphere known as teleconnections. Although the physics of ENSO in the tropics is relatively well understood, our knowledge of its extra‐tropical response is based on teleconnection patterns that are statistical in origin and derived from relatively short time series. In this paper we analyze the ENSO signal in an annually resolved record of snow accumulation covering the period 1736–1985 from an ice core obtained in the Saint Elias Mountains of the Yukon. This region is located in the center of an area with one of the most significant teleconnection signatures associated with ENSO. The high elevation of the site where the ice core was obtained allows it to sample the mid and upper‐tropspheric flow where the extra‐tropical response to ENSO has its largest amplitude. As we show these characteristics of the site result in a significant ENSO signal in the snow accumulation time series.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".