Characterization of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure due to volume overload in the rat
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Alterations in general characteristics and morphology of the heart, as well as changes in hemodynamics, myosin heavy chain isoforms, and beta-adrenoceptor responsiveness, were determined in Sprague-Dawley rats at 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 wk after aortocaval fistula (shunt) was induced by the needle technique. Three stages of cardiac hypertrophy due to volume overload were recognized during the 16-wk period. Developing hypertrophy occurred within the first 2 wk after aortocaval shunt was induced and was characterized by a rapid increase of cardiac mass in both left and right ventricles. Compensated hypertrophy occurred between 2 and 8 wk after aortocaval shunt where normal or mild depression in hemodynamic function was observed. Decompensated hypertrophy or heart failure occurred between 8 and 16 wk after aortocaval shunt and was characterized by circulatory congestion, decreased in vivo and in vitro cardiac function, and a shift in myosin heavy chain isozyme expression. However, the positive inotropic effect of isoproterenol was augmented at all times during the 16-wk period. Characterization of beta-adrenoceptor binding in failing hearts at 16 wk revealed a significant increase in beta(1)-receptor density, whereas beta(2)-receptor density was unchanged. Consistent with this, basal adenylyl cyclase activity was significantly increased, and both isoproterenol- and forskolin-stimulated adenylyl cyclase activities were also increased. These results indicate that upregulation of beta-adrenoceptor signal transduction is a unique feature of cardiac hypertrophy and failure induced by volume overload.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".