Relative timing of the three gestures of North American English /r/
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Interarticulator timing of liquid consonants has been shown in recent years to be of importance in understanding syllable-based allophonic variation and related synchronic, historical, and developmental phonological phenomena. In this and other respects, the unusual complexity of North American English /r/ in particular has attracted much attention. Nevertheless, because of the difficulty of collecting simultaneous dynamic measurements of the lips, tongue body and tongue root, the articulatory dynamics of /r/ remain a subject of conjecture. A simultaneous ultrasound and video study of relative timing of these three gestures of /r/ will be presented. Preliminary results from three native North American English speakers show that, for the prevocalic allophone, the lip gesture reaches its target first, followed by the tongue body (TB) gesture, then the tongue root (TR) gesture last. As for the postvocalic allophone, the lip and TR constrictions are reduced in magnitude; also the TR gesture tends to precede the other gestures in both gestural onset and peak. These results support a view of the lip gesture of /r/ as a consonantal component, and presents a pattern for /r/ analogous to that previously observed for /l/. [Research supported by NSERC and NIH.]
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".