The Therapeutic Role of Very Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor Gene in Hyperlipidemia in Type 2 Diabetic Rats
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia is a common feature of type 2 diabetes and is related to cardiovascular disease. The very low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR) binds to and internalizes triglyceride-rich lipoproteins with high specificity. In this study, we evaluated the role of VLDLR in hyperlipidemia in type 2 diabetic rats. Type 2 diabetes was induced in male Wistar rats by injection of low-dose streptozotocin coupled with a high-fat diet. Recombinant adeno-associated viral (rAAV) vectors encoding the human VLDLR gene (rAAV·VLDLR) were intravenously administered to diabetic rats. Results showed that in vivo, total VLDLR mRNA and protein levels were significantly decreased in skeletal muscle (type I VLDLR mainly reduced) and adipose tissue (type II VLDLR mainly reduced) but not in heart in hypercholesterolemic, hypertriglyceridemic diabetic rats compared with normal rats. And in vitro, in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, insulin-induced (1.0 mmol/liter) insulin resistance significantly decreased VLDLR mRNA expression. In rats, rAAV·VLDLR delivery resulted in a reduction in serum cholesterol and triglyceride that lasted for the duration of the study (12 weeks). Fasting blood insulin was significantly lower in the rAAV·VLDLR group versus untreated diabetic rats although fasting blood glucose levels were not significantly different in both groups at the end of the study. rAAV·VLDLR-treated animals had significantly increased lipoprotein lipase activity and reduced aortic atherosclerosis. Taken together, our data suggest that type 2 diabetes and related insulin resistance manifest decreased VLDLR with elevated serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels, and overexpression of VLDLR through a single injection of rAAV·VLDLR reversed these effects and consequentially attenuated aorta atherosclerotic plaque progression. Yuan et al. evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of AAV2 vector encoding very low density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR) in a rat model of type 2 diabetes. They report that a single injection of this vector resulted in a reduction in serum cholesterol and triglyceride that lasted for the duration of the study (12 weeks). Additionally, they found that fasting blood insulin was significantly lower in the VLDLR group versus untreated diabetic rats although fasting blood glucose levels were not significantly different in both groups at the end of the study.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".