OPHTHALMOPLEGIA AND PTOSIS: MITOCHONDRIAL TOXICITY IN PATIENTS RECEIVING HIV THERAPY
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Mitochondrial toxicity (MT) can occur as a consequence of HIV infection and from treatment with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).1 Toxicity is additive and manifested by signs including lipodystrophy and lactic acidosis. HIV and HAART are also reported in association with skeletal myopathy and mitochondrial abnormalities on muscle biopsy.2 This is in contrast to mitochondrial disorders associated with nuclear or mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations, in which patients may present with syndromic constellations of dysfunction in metabolically active tissues such as the brain and skeletal muscles. Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (CPEO) is a mitochondrial syndrome with gradual onset of ptosis and ophthalmoparesis.3 Thus far, phenotypes resembling genetic mitochondrial disorders have not been reported in association with acquired mitochondrial toxicity from disease or drugs. We report 3 cases of HIV-infected patients with long exposure to HAART who developed clinical syndromes resembling CPEO. ### Case series. See the table for details. The patients were men, between the ages of 52 …
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".