Bibliographic record
Abstract
Child-directed speech (CDS) is produced with a slower tempo compared to adult-directed speech (ADS). Yet the characterization of CDS as simply slowly spoken speech masks a number of underlying subtleties. We investigated temporal characteristics of CDS as a function of speech register based on a highly controlled set of elicited data. six sentence forms containing five monosyllabic words were read several times in declarative and question intonation with three focus conditions in CDS and ADS. After an evaluation of the data through a perceptual rating task, 2301 sentences produced by one mother and five theater students were segmented at the word-level using forced-alignment tools (Yuan and Liberman, 2008). We found strong effects of the CDS register on duration across the entire sentence. Additionally, elongation in CDS applied even to the syllables without an explicit focal accent and to function words. Our data also demonstrated a highly consistent ratio of the final syllable to the sentence duration both in CDS and ADS across all subjects. These results suggest that the slow speaking rate in CDS cannot be attributed to any single effect such as the exaggerated utterance-final lengthening (Church etal., 2005) or effects of lexical categories (Swanson etal., 1992).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".