Embeddable wireless strain sensor based on resonant rf cavities
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this article we describe a type of sensor to monitor strain. The strain sensor is a passive device that can be embedded or attached to a structure and then remotely interrogated though a wireless interface. Such a system has the advantage of requiring no permanent physical connection, either electrical or optical, to an interrogation system. The sensor is a conducting coaxial electromagnetic cavity that is embedded in or bonded to the structure in which strain is to be measured. The cavity will exhibit resonance for electrical wavelengths two times the cavity length. Changes in the structure’s dimensions will be reflected in changes in the dimensions of the cavity, and will result in a shift of the resonant frequency of the cavity. The sensor incorporates an antenna so that the resonant frequency of the cavity can be determined by remote interrogation. The acquired resonant frequency is then used to calculate the strain in the structure. The sensor presented in this article operates at a frequency of approximately 2.45 GHz, and exhibits a shift in resonance of 2.45 kHz per microstrain (με). We have demonstrated a strain sensitivity of less than 1με with a bandwidth of 25 Hz. This class of embeddable sensor is expected to have the greatest application in monitoring the health of, and assessing damage in, civil structures.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it