Radial intrusions from turbulent plumes in uniform stratification
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Laboratory experiments investigate the radial spread of an intrusion created by a turbulent forced plume in uniformly stratified ambient fluid. The flow evolution is determined as it depends upon the ambient buoyancy frequency, N, and the source momentum and buoyancy fluxes, M0 and F0, respectively. The plume reaches its maximum vertical extent, Zm, collapses back upon itself as a fountain and then spreads radially outwards at its neutral buoyancy depth, Zs, where the intrusion has the same density as the ambient. Through theory and experiments we determine that Zs = f(σ)Hp, in which Hp = M03/4F0−1/2, σ = (M0N/F0)2, and f(σ) ∝ σ−3/8 for σ ≲ 50 and f(σ) ∝ σ−1/4 for σ ≳ 50. In the inertia-buoyancy regime the intrusion front advances in time approximately as Rf ∝ t3/4, consistent with models assuming a constant buoyancy flux into the intrusion. Where the intrusion first forms, at radius R1, its thickness h1 is approximately constant in time. The thickness of the intrusion as a whole, h(r, t), adopts a self-similar shape of the form h/h1 ≃ [(Rf − r)/(Rf − R1)]p, with p ≃ 0.55 ± 0.03. The comparison of these results to large volcanic plumes penetrating into and spreading in the stratosphere is discussed.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it