Antioxidant Protection of Eicosapentaenoic Acid and Fish Oil Oxidation by Polyphenolic-Enriched Apple Skin Extract
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Two apple skin extracts (ASE) prepared from "Northern Spy" cultivar were examined for their antioxidant properties to inhibit lipid oxidation in aqueous eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) emulsions and bulk fish oil. The ASE were effective in reducing the oxidation induced by heat, UV light and peroxyl radical, when the extent of oxidation of the emulsions and bulk oil was measured by using the ferric thiocyanate test, the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances assay and Rancimat. On the basis of total phenolic concentration of extracts, removal of sugars and organic acids (ASE 2) from crude ethanol extract of apple skins (ASE 1) enhanced the antioxidant properties in both the emulsion and bulk fish oil systems. The average induction times of accelerated oxidation at 50 to 80 degrees C of fish oil incorporated with ASE 2 (400 microg/mL) was similar to that of alpha-tocopherol (400 microg/mL) and butylated hydroxytoluene (200 microg/mL).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".